Long COVID resource

An evolving document  from Pandemic Patients 

For many people, being exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) results in illness characterized by mild symptoms, resolving in a matter of days or weeks. In fact, research has found that 30-60% of COVID-19 cases may be entirely asymptomatic (Shang et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). However, that is not the only potential outcome, and each infection is a new opportunity for long-term symptoms to develop (Bowe et al., 2022).

In fact, some people experience severe, debilitating symptoms that may last for several years and may not improve over time (Fernandez-de-las-Peñas et al., 2023). Other people recover from COVID-19, but as a result of the infection, they are now vulnerable to many types of health conditions, known as “post-COVID conditions,” or “PCCs” (Fernandez-de-las-Peñas et al., 2023; Xie et al., 2023).

These conditions affect nearly every organ in the body and range from benign to life-threatening (Bowe et al., 2022; D’Isabel et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2023; Novak et al., 2022; Fernandez-de-las-Peñas et al., 2023; Xie et al., 2023; Peter et al., 2022; Abbasi, 2022; Ormiston et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2023). However, there is no way to know who will be susceptible to a particular condition until it manifests.

There appears to be a reciprocal relationship between COVID-19 and PCCs:

• Underlying health factors place people at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
• People who experience severe illness from COVID-19 have a greater risk of developing one or more PCCs (Xie et al., 2023; Perez Giraldo et al., 2023).

However, the damage done by COVID-19 is cumulative (Bowe et al., 2022). Even someone who recovers from an asymptomatic (Ma et al., 2023) or mild case (Novak et al., 2022) of COVID-19 is at risk of developing one or more PCCs.

In fact, a recent review by Boufidou et al. (2023) noted that those who were reinfected were more prone to developing long-term symptoms—in comparison to those who were only infected once—and more prone to “various complications, including potential cardiac, pulmonary, or neurological problems” (p. 7). Even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections can result in long-term symptoms such as fatigue, loss of taste or smell, or chronic cough (Ma et al., 2023).